SUFFOLK INTER-FAITH RESOURCE
Limited Company No: 2992865 Registered Charity No: 1042612

The communities in which we live today are composed of so many diverse groups that conventions which used to guide our lives can no longer be relied upon as a framework. We find it hard to distinguish between religious and cultural differences and so can very easily jump to the wrong conclusions. We may not even know the answers to some basic questions.

What should we call people? Can we use their first name or would they prefer a more formal style like Mr and Mrs or Ms? How should we address a Sikh or a Muslim? If we are visiting new neighbours or clients should we take off our shoes? Do we need to cover our arms or legs? Does modesty matter? Is it polite to look someone in the eye? This handbook does not attempt to answer all such questions, but it highlights some important aspects, alongside some background information and basic principles.

For a start, it is helpful to remember that while our dating system may be based on Christianity, other faiths and cultures have their own calendars, new years and festivals which give significance to their lives and require families to get together, adults to miss work or children to be away from school. In recognition of this diversity many people prefer to use CE and BCE (Common Era, and Before the Common Era) rather than BC and AD.

People may follow strict rules about prayer times and diets. They may have special rituals to mark the various stages of life. These need to be respected by those who are not members of that faith. Special arrangements may need to be made to accommodate individual requirements.

When people of different religious and cultural backgrounds meet each other they may gain new perspectives on life or recall values which had been lost. Most faiths acknowledge that every part of life is sacred and that reverence should be shown to all people and to the whole natural world. Putting one's hands together and bowing one's head, as Hindus and Sikhs do in greeting, is to honour the divine in the other person. Removing one's shoes when entering a house may be to affirm that the home also is seen as a holy place.

Such considerations may pave the way for meeting people from different cultural and religious backgrounds. But having become more aware of the differences between faiths and cultures, we need to beware of stereotyping. Nobody can be neatly categorised! We can tell very little about each other from the colour of our skins. Our religious and cultural backgrounds, our individual experiences and our aspirations may be harder to discern, but they can have far more influence on us.

The Baha'i Faith was founded in the 19th century by Baha'u'llah, who was born in Persia. His teachings stress the oneness of the world's religions, and the oneness of humankind. Today Baha'is strive to abolish all prejudices and to gain equality for all. Baha'is have no priesthood or liturgy, but rely on democratically elected institutions at local, national and international levels.

Baha'is are required to perform ritual washing before the obligatory prayer and while reciting the prayer are to face the holy shrine at Bahji, in Israel. If water is not available or if there is some reason why water cannot be applied to the hands and the face, the believer may refrain from performing the ablutions provided he recites 5 times the verse "In the name of God, the Most Pure, the Most Pure". Those who are ill or over 70 are exempt from performing the obligatory prayer. Menstruating women are also exempt so long as they recite 95 times "Glorified be God, the Lord of Splendour and Beauty. There are alternative forms of obligatory prayer. In the West the short form is usually followed, which is to be recited once in 24 hours, between noon and sunset.

Baha'is do not object to blood transfusions.

Baha'is may not be cremated or embalmed and may not be buried more than an hour's journey from the place of death.

Baha'is do not normally drink alcohol, but can do so if it is contained within medicine prescribed by doctors. Some Baha'is are vegetarian but there are no binding dietary requirements.

Any form of sterilisation is forbidden; abortion is also forbidden - except on compelling medical grounds. In these circumstances the decision is left to the conscience of those concerned.

The fasting period is March 2-21 each year, when Baha'is may not take food or drink between sunrise and sunset. Fasting is not obligatory for people under 15 years or over 70 years; during menstruation or pregnancy; for nursing mothers; for the sick; or for travellers.

The style of greeting would be whatever is considered normal in a given culture. Some Baha'is might shake hands, others might bow, others might hug close friends. Often Baha'is will greet each other by saying "Allah-u-Abha".

A plaque bearing the Arabic inscription "Ya Baha'u'l-Abha" ("O Glory of the All Glorious") might be seen.

There is no set form of marriage but the following obligatory sentence must be said in front of witnesses: "We will all verily abide by the will of God."

Female Baha'is have no objection to being examined by male doctors.

The Buddhist tradition originated in Northern India with the enlightenment of Siddhartha Gautama. Born in 563BCE as a prince, he left his comfortable home in search of the Truth which would bring to an end the misery which he could see all around him. He experienced a profound spiritual realisation, the ability to see things as they really are, thus becoming Buddha (one who has awakened as though from a dream). He spent the next 45 years travelling through northern India communicating this liberating vision to others.

Buddhism has been described as a "non-theistic religion" because there is no place for an all-powerful creator God within it. Although some Buddhists revere Buddha as though divine, Gautama himself was a human being who gained enlightenment through his own efforts. Buddhists value compassion, selflessness, personal responsibility, and mindfulness of the present moment. They try to avoid causing harm to any life form. Buddhists believe in reincarnation until a state of Nirvana is achieved.

The first precept of Buddhism - abstain from taking life - makes abortion unacceptable.

There are no required rituals to mark the birth of a child but the occasion would be a family celebration. Parents might take the baby to a temple to be blessed by monks.

Buddhist monks or nuns wear orange robes and have shaved heads.

When a Buddhist dies it is important that a Buddhist minister is informed. Ideally the body should be moved as little as possible before he arrives. Between three and seven days should elapse before the body is disposed of, as some Buddhists believe that consciousness remains in the body for a while after death. Mourning for the dead includes chanting and meditation. Traditionally bodies could be disposed of by means of any of the four elements, earth, air, fire or water. Cremation or burial is acceptable.

The majority of Buddhists are vegetarian. This follows the first Buddhist precept - abstain from taking life. However, there is a history of meat eating in Tibetan Buddhism because of the scarcity of vegetables in Tibet.

This proceeds case by case, but there are general principles. For example, contraception can include pills to prevent conception but not morning after ones. If sexual intercourse has taken place, then full responsibility must be taken for the possible consequence of parenthood. As Buddhists believe that spiritual death can take place some time after organic death, then it is not possible to give the organs of the deceased.

Local Buddhists are unlikely to practise fasting on a regular basis. In the west, fasting is practised mostly by monks and nuns.

A commonly observed festival is Wesak, the Buddha's birthday. Various other festivals are also observed by different Buddhist traditions.

In Buddhist countries the normal form of greeting is to place the hands together in a prayerful manner and bow. Buddhists in Western countries normally adopt the usual styles of greeting found there, like shaking hands.

Most Buddhist homes will have a shrine with a statue of the Buddha. Some Buddhists might prefer visitors to remove their shoes when entering the home.

Customs will vary according to the cultural background of the people concerned.

There are no significant requirements that would not apply to people in general.

Buddhists normally have two names - a family name and an individual name.

A quiet space should be set aside for prayer and meditation. Incense, flowers and candles are used.

The majority of local Chinese are from the Buddhist tradition but they do not adhere strictly to traditional Buddhist practices, for various reasons, both historical and cultural. A significant minority follow Daoism (Taoism) the traditional popular religion of China. Local Chinese people may draw on both Buddhist and Daoist traditions. Some may come from Christian backgrounds, both Protestant and Catholic. There are also Muslim Chinese. Within the Chinese community, customs associated with ancestral worship are likely to form a common link. However, many of the children brought up in this country have not followed their parents' beliefs.

Death is a most important time for ceremony, and the special rituals may last up to a week. Death and bereavement is very much a shared experience and the bereaved receive much comfort and support. Relatives and friends will rally round to help, and to pay for the funeral. They will wish to see the body before the coffin lid is closed. The bodies and ashes may be sent back to Hong Kong. Customs in respect of mourning and funeral arrangements may vary considerably among the Chinese community.

Chinese people have a strong preference for home cooking. They may ask relatives to bring food into hospital for them as they have definite customs relating to the preparation of food and to the manner in which it is eaten. There are usually no fasting requirements.

The most significant festival is the Chinese New Year. It is celebrated in Jan/Feb and the celebrations last for about two days in England. In China and Hong Kong they would last for two weeks.

When greeting each other, many Chinese people will place their hands together in a prayerful attitude and bow. When greeting a Western person they would use local customs.

On entering, shoes may be removed. There may be small statues on display.

The tradition of Chinese medicine is very ancient; this may be preferred.

Chinese women are generally happier being cared for by a female professional.

The Christian faith is inspired by the teachings and example of Jesus. God is worshipped as Creator. The Bible is treasured as a guide, inspiration and source of learning - but its interpretation and, therefore, its use will vary. Some will take its teaching literally while others will seek to "read between the lines."

There are numerous Christian groups within the community. Some are organised as formal churches and are part of a wider organisation; others are independent house churches but may be linked to a national or international network. It is not possible to describe them all.

We have included in this section, the traditional churches and other Christian groups who have joined SIFRE, or who have chosen to work with us or join in some of our activities and publications. We may be able to provide more information about other groups not mentioned.

Christian Science was discovered by Mary Baker Eddy late in the 19th century. Mrs Eddy was a fervent student of the Bible and much of her early life was spent searching for healing both for herself and others.

When in 1866 she was healed of a life threatening injury whilst reading the account of one of Jesus' healings, she determined to devote her life to discovering how this healing took place. She found her answer in the study of the Bible and in Jesus’ works and teachings in particular.

When a physician called her to the deathbed of one of his patients she healed the patient instantaneously through prayer. The physician was so impressed that he urged her to write down her healing method. This she did over the following years and the result was her primary work ‘Science and Health with key to the Scriptures’ which was published in 1875. Science and Health is available for anyone to purchase through national bookshop chains and local bookstores.

The Christian Science Church was founded in 1879.

Regular study and prayer are considered important.

A Christian Science practitioner is employed in the full-time public practice of spiritual healing. To be a practitioner requires study, consecrated prayer, and a demonstrated ability to apply the spiritual understanding of God's law in healing disease and injury.

As worship is kept free of ritual there are no last rites of any kind. Routine last offices are appropriate, but female staff should handle a female body.

There are no special dietary considerations. Christian Scientists voluntarily refrain from drinking alcohol or smoking, and would usually prefer an environment free from these.

A distinctive part of Christian Science is the healing of disease by prayer alone. Adherents naturally turn to God for healing as a first resort. However, Christian Scientists have a great respect for health care professionals, and are always free to choose medical treatment if they feel it will be helpful. They adhere to the requirements of the law.

If Christian Scientists come into hospital for treatment, they are likely to agree with what is prescribed. However, they may wish to keep drugs to a minimum.

In the case of an emergency admission, when the patient may be unconscious, the hospital is asked to do whatever is necessary. The patient's Christian Science practitioner should be contacted as soon as possible.

Cremation is usually preferred, but this is a matter of family choice.

There are no special greetings.

One might see copies of the Bible and Science & Health. One would not see any iconography or statuary.

Christian Scientists would wish the body to remain inviolate, other than for a post mortem where one is required by law.

A Christian Scientist will appreciate privacy for silent prayer, with access to the books of the faith.

Neither donation nor reception would usually be acceptable to a Christian Scientist. In the case of a child, parents would consent to transfusion if doctors advised that it was essential.

Anointing of the sick is very important to Roman Catholics and to those members of the Church of England who are known as Anglo-Catholics. It is imperative to call a priest to anoint the dying, but this sacrament can also be offered to the sick, especially before an operation as a sign of God’s healing power and as a source of comfort. However, for many people, anointing has traditionally been associated with impending death and so the matter needs to be handled sensitively. Children also may wish to be anointed if they are ill.

Most Christians are baptised, some when they are babies, others when they are adults. In some Non-Conformist Churches, Adult Baptism is the norm; but babies may be dedicated. If the newborn baby of Roman Catholic parents is at risk, it should be baptised promptly, ideally by a priest. In an emergency, a lay person, even someone who is not a Christian, can perform the Baptism, providing they have the right intention and baptise the baby "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit". Anglican, Methodist and some other Christian parents with newborn babies at risk may want baptism - or in some cases the naming - of the infant.

Like Baptism, Communion, (Breaking of Bread, Eucharist or Mass) goes back to the very early days of the church, to the meals shared by Jesus and his disciples, especially the Last Supper. Communion services are regularly held in most Christian Churches and Communion is regularly taken to sick people in their homes or in hospital, by lay people as well as by ministers. Catholics would expect to attend Mass every Sunday, on some feast days and sometimes daily. Non-Conformists take communion less often, or place more emphasis on shared meals. The Salvation Army and the Quakers do not hold Communion services but their members might choose to participate.

When a Baptised child is old enough to make its own promises to God, it is prepared for and presented for Confirmation. The Holy Spirit is called down on the candidates at Baptism and Confirmation.

There are no general dietary requirements, but some Christians prefer to eat no meat on Fridays. Some will abstain from food and drink before taking Holy Communion. During Lent, the 40 days of preparation for Easter, many people choose to observe some kind of fasting. In the Roman Catholic Church, Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are days when meat is avoided and only one main meal and two lighter snacks are taken. This does not apply to those under 7 or over 60, or who are sick.

The most important feast days are Christmas, Easter and Whitsun. There are many ancient symbols and customs associated with them, some of which are also shared by people outside the Church.

Most Christians prefer to be married in church, and most churches discourage if not forbid divorce, while extending understanding and support for individuals caught up in distressing family situations. Mixed faith marriages may be accepted within some churches. The status of same-sex partnerships is a matter of debate.

There is generally no problem with most medical interventions. However, some Christians, including most Roman Catholics, regard termination of pregnancy as unacceptable, except when the mother's life is at risk. Some, particularly Roman Catholics, would reject fertility treatments involving the possible destruction of fertilised embryos. In general, Christians do not view euthanasia as acceptable; nor feel that it is desirable to prolong treatment or life unnecessarily.

Pastoral care is a very important aspect of Christian ministry at all times. It is particularly important at times of stress. At various moments in their lives Christians may wish to see a minister or priest for guidance or confession, but all Christians have the responsibility to show compassion and offer support to others. It must be understood that it is very important to be able to practise one’s religion in a familiar way through all the events of life. In hospital, there are usually Christian chaplains on hand.

Those in hospital may welcome a visit from a chaplain or their own minister, especially before an operation. They may wish to visit the chapel, to attend a service or listen to it over the hospital radio. Prayer cards and bibles should be made available. In hospital some privacy would be needed, when patients are receiving Holy Communion, or having a pastoral visit, so that other people cannot overhear.

It is important to take seriously the pastoral needs of children. It is equally important to consider the pastoral and spiritual needs of the elderly, particularly if they are cut off from their regular support networks or are unable to continue with established and valued patterns of worship.

Christians should be offered the help and support of the appropriate minister or chaplain at the time of death or when a relative or friend is dying. It is the belief of Christians that the bodies of the dead should be treated with the same respect as if they were alive. There are usually no formal objections to post-mortems, transplants or body donations; it will depend on the individuals concerned. Routine last offices are appropriate for most Christians. Families may wish to spend some time in prayer beside the bed of someone who has died. The sadness of death will be seen against the background of hope in the Resurrection.

The Bible is of special significance. Religious objects, like a crucifix or a rosary, may be of great importance to some Christians and they may wish to wear them or have them close at all times. Non-Conformists may actually find them offensive.

This day has been celebrated since the beginning of Christianity as the day of Jesus' resurrection from the dead.

Greek Catholics - often, but not by themselves, called Uniats - are outwardly like Orthodox Christians, but they accept the authority of the Pope, so are like Roman Catholics. Many, but not all, come from Ukraine, where their Church lives side by side with the Orthodox Church.

Most babies are baptised within the first few days, ideally by a Greek Catholic priest, but in an emergency a Roman Catholic priest can officiate.

Practising Greek Christians would want to receive the Anointing of the Sick. If no Catholic Greek priest can be found then a Roman Catholic priest should be called instead. Some Greek Catholics would want to see a priest for Confession before Communion.

The corpse rests in an open coffin for three days. During the last night there is a watch at home by friends and family before the coffin is closed. Most coffins are taken to a service of Mass in a Church. After the Mass a Bible is put on the foot of the coffin and the congregation is asked to say their last farewells by kissing the Bible and walking clockwise around it. Then it is taken to the cemetery for a burial service. After 40 days there is another family service at the graveside.

Some Ukrainians are strict with their diet and do not eat meat on Fridays or even throughout the whole of Lent. Some eat nothing from Good Friday night until Easter Sunday and only take a few sips of water in that time. Their calendar is different from the western one so they observe Lent on dates which do not always coincide with those in other churches in the UK.

The stance is usually the same as for Roman Catholics.

Their name, chosen in 1931, is derived from the Bible, which is believed to be the Word of God, divinely inspired and historically accurate. Jehovah's Witnesses rely on both Hebrew Scriptures and Christian Greek Scriptures, taking them literally unless passages are obviously figurative or symbolic. The modern movement of Jehovah's Witnesses began early in the 1870's in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at a bible study class led by Charles Taze Russell.

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the prophecies in Matthew 24 and Luke 21 are being fulfilled in our day and that we live close to the end of this system and the time when God’s kingdom will restore the earth to a global paradise according to God’s original purpose. (Psalms 37:29; 104:5)

Deliberately induced abortion simply to avoid the birth of an unwanted child is unacceptable. If at the time of childbirth a choice must be made between the life of the mother and that of the child, it is up to the individuals concerned.

Children are not baptised. Adults are totally immersed under water.

Jehovah's witnesses carry on their person an Advance Medical Directive/Release that directs no blood transfusions be given under any circumstances, while releasing medical practitioners/hospitals of responsibility for any damages that might be caused by their refusal of blood. When entering the hospital, consent/release forms should be signed that state this and deal specifically with the hospital care needed.

Non-blood volume expanders are acceptable, and re-infusion of their own blood is permitted by many Witnesses when the blood is not stored and when the equipment is arranged in a circuit that is constantly linked to the patient's circulatory system.

While a blood transfusion is not acceptable, organ donation and transplantation are not forbidden. Therefore, whether to accept an organ transplant is a personal and medical decision and the same would be true of organ donation. So while refusing blood they willingly accept all non-blood alternative medical and surgical management.

There are no particular observances; relatives' wishes should be treated sympathetically. Unless legally required, the body of the deceased should not be subjected to post-mortem dissections. A relative may decide that a limited autopsy may be undertaken to determine cause of death.

No blood or meat of animals from which the blood has not been properly drained should be eaten. There are no other particular special needs.

Jehovah's Witnesses meet together for instruction and study regularly each week. They commemorate the celebration of the Lord’s Evening Meal annually on the equivalent of Nisan 14 in the Jewish calendar, in accordance with the scripture.

They do not observe Christmas or birthdays as these are not based on Biblical tradition. They believe it is important to build up children’s trust, to maintain moral standards of truth and integrity and to uphold scripture. Witnesses are more comfortable with the concept of spontaneous giving.

There are no specific forms of greeting.

Jehovah’s Witnesses visit their neighbours as part of their worldwide evangelising work to share Bible truths and give hope for the future. They carry an identification card.

Visitors would be expected not to smoke or to drink alcohol.

The use of minor blood fractions, such as albumin, immunoglobulins and haemophiliac preparations, are a matter of personal choice.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints traces its origin to the spring of 1820 in Palmyra, New York, when Joseph Smith Jr experienced a vision of the Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ. Years later he was visited by the angel Moroni, who directed him to the burial site of golden plates containing the religious record of a group of early inhabitants of the American Continent. Joseph Smith translated these plates into 'The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ'.

Beliefs of the Church include the view that God, Christ and the Holy Ghost are separate personages - though united in purpose. The Bible is believed to be the revealed Word of God, with continuing revelations appearing in the Book of Mormon and further texts. The Latter-day Saints believe they have a living prophet - a man who received revelation from God and who directs the Church here on earth from their headquarters in Utah. Latter-day Saints are expected to be totally committed to their faith, often giving up 2 years of their life to serve as missionaries. They tithe their income. Family life is upheld.

Abortion would usually only be considered if the life of the mother was at risk, but even then it is left to the decision of the individuals concerned.

These would not be objected to if they were considered essential to save life.

In an emergency, the local Bishop should be contacted by the family, and arrangements made for the person to receive a blessing.

Latter-day Saints do not permit sex before marriage or outside marriage. Marriage should be between one man and one woman, and this union is solemnised in the temple for eternity.

Latter-day Saints prefer burial to cremation. The local Priesthood leader should be consulted as to the dressing of the body for burial, as this may need to be done by members.

Members do not drink alcohol, tea or coffee or use tobacco or other harmful drugs.

Full members wear a special garment next to the skin. It should be treated with respect but may be removed for medical treatment and for activities like swimming. It would be part of burial clothing.

As Latter-day Saints do not use any drugs or stimulants they are more susceptible to prescribed drugs and their side effects and so dosage should be kept to a minimum.

The usual fast day is the first Sunday of each month; the fast lasts for two meals or twenty-four hours, during which time nothing is taken in the way of food or drink. Fasting is not expected of those who are sick, those on any medication which has to be taken with food, those who are pregnant or breast-feeding, or young children.

There are no formal styles of greeting, other than a normal handshake. Church members will tend to adopt whatever means are considered polite within the culture they are living in.

You may see the Book of Mormon, along with other texts published by the Church, and a picture of one of the Temples.

Latter-day Saints dress modestly. Women usually wear full-length skirts and non-skimpy tops.

This decision would be up to the family involved.

The Churches of the Orthodox tradition understand themselves as a more original form of Christianity than the western churches. The Greek Orthodox Church is numerically the largest in the UK; there are also Russian Orthodox, Antiochian (Arab) Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox. Central importance is given to the doctrine of the Holy Trinity and Incarnation, and the celebration of the Divine Liturgy.

Babies are immersed three times in the baptismal waters and then chrismated (anointed with oil) and admitted to full communion. Adult baptism also requires total immersion. Baptism is administered by the priest, though provision is made for lay administration in extreme emergency.

Orthodox Christians receive Communion from the time of their baptism in babyhood, but many adults receive much less frequently than Roman Catholics or Anglicans. They receive, from a long spoon, a small piece of bread dipped in wine. They may wish to receive when sick in hospital, and will wish to keep a fast beforehand.

Most Orthodox Christians in Britain celebrate Christmas Day on 25 December, but some follow the pre-Gregorian calendar, so that Christmas Day is celebrated on 7 January. However, they all celebrate Holy Pascha Easter) together, often on a date considerably later than western Easter.

Fasting is a recognised part of an Orthodox Christian's life. Wednesday and Friday each week, and a long period before Easter and Christmas are fasts, when no meat, fish or milk products or alcohol is taken, though there are many days when the fast is relaxed. However, Orthodox are taught to eat what is put before them, and, in any case, many are not strict about keeping the fasts, except at particular times.

Icons (sacred pictures of Christ, his Mother, and the Saints) are extremely important to Orthodox Christians, and many will insist on having some near them. They will sign themselves with the Cross many times in prayer.

Confession to a priest is a recognised part of an orthodox Christian's life, though many seldom make use of it. They may wish to do so when sick or in difficulties.

Orthodoxy is generally very conservative in teaching. Abortion is strongly disapproved of. Cremation is considered improper, though occasionally used by Orthodox families. The human body is sacred, and to be treated with the greatest reverence, including after death. Some Orthodox communities like the coffin to be open at funerals, and those present process round to kiss the forehead of the beloved one.

The Seventh-day Adventist Church grew up out of a 19th century religious revival in America, known as the Great Advent Awakening. Amongst Adventist doctrines are the Seventh-day Sabbath, (sunset Friday to sunset Saturday) the non-immortality of the soul, and the imminent Second Coming of Christ.

Children are not baptised.

A service of Communion accompanied by a ceremony of foot-washing is held once a quarter.

There are no distinct observances.

All Seventh-day Adventists are required to abstain from unclean meat. This includes pork in all its forms as well as shellfish and fish without fins and scales. Generally animals regarded as kosher by the Jews would be acceptable, though there is no insistence on the meat being specially prepared. A large number of Adventists are ovo-lacto-vegetarians, (eggs and dairy products but no meat). A few are vegans.

There are no fixed styles of greeting, most Seventh Day Adventists will adopt the customs of the culture in which they live.

It is important that Adventists are able to follow their diet when in hospital. They are likely to seek a separate room if one is available so that they are not distracted by noise and TV especially on the Sabbath.

One might well see a copy of the Bible and related texts.

Adventists avoid secular work at this time.

Unitarians are religious liberals. They stress individual freedom in matters of faith and conscience. They celebrate human and religious diversity. This diversity, they believe, is embraced by the deeper unity of all humanity, all creation. Within a Unitarian community, people are free to develop their personal spirituality.

The Unitarian movement originated in the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, but it has long been open to the insights of many religious and ethical traditions in addition to those of Christianity. Their name derives from their historic insistence on the Divine Unity.

As a group, Unitarians have no distinct needs in this area. Each Unitarian's requirements are a matter of personal choice and principle. A Unitarian minister or layperson provides for the pastoral and spiritual needs of a Unitarian patient.

Ceremonies to mark life's great occasions are tailored to reflect the beliefs and feelings of those centrally concerned. Honesty is deemed preferable to outward conformity. Ceremonies to welcome birth stress celebration and the dedication of parents and others to the child's welfare, guidance and upbringing.

Marriage services focus on what the couple themselves believe and on their aspirations for their relationship. In preparing and planning the service they are encouraged to think and talk deeply about the step they are taking. The fact that one or both partners may have been divorced is not in itself a barrier to remarriage. Partnership blessings for same-sex relationships are offered increasingly by Unitarians. As with heterosexual marriage, such blessings recognise stable, loving and responsible relationships.

At death a service is held to commemorate and celebrate the person's life. It is designed to be as personal as possible, being both true to the deceased and respectful of the feelings of the bereaved. Ceremonies to mark other special times and occasions may also be arranged.

Public worship is a central activity which usually takes place on a Sunday. The form of worship may vary, but usually includes such elements as reflection and prayer, readings from a variety of sources, hymns, music, an address or sermon and silences. Religious Education is offered for both adults and children. The stress, suitably adapted, is on facilitating spiritual and ethical development rather than on instruction and indoctrination.

Unitarian congregations are autonomous, but join together in regional associations and in the national General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches. There is also a global body - the International Council of Unitarians and Universalists. The system of government is fully democratic and gender equality is practised at all levels, including the ministry. The generally accepted Unitarian symbol is the 'flaming chalice': the flame of spiritual truth and liberty, the chalice of communion - open to all believers and seekers.

Hinduism can be traced back to at least 5000 BCE in the civilisations of the Indus Valley, from which the name is derived. The teachings are enshrined within many holy books, including the Vedas, the Upanishads and the Shrimad Bhagvat Geeta.

For many Hindus the numerous gods and goddesses of Hinduism are seen as aspects of the One divine principle, Brahman. The belief that there are many ways to worship Brahman leads to a tolerance of other religions. Hindus believe in reincarnation, through myriad lives until release is obtained. Salvation can be reached by the Way of Action, the Way of Knowledge, the Way of Devotion or the Way of Meditation.

Practices may vary considerably among Hindus, according to where they come from, according to caste, and according to personal preference.

Some Hindus prefer washing in free flowing water and they would require water for washing to be available in the same room as the WC.

The birth of a baby is celebrated, especially the birth of the first boy. Soon after the birth it is customary for a close relative to be invited to put a drop of water and honey on the infant's tongue, celebrating the sweetness of life and the bond with the family. Mothers usually rest for about forty days after the birth and do not prepare food. Sometimes the baby's head is shaved at the 30th day.

After death the body should always be left covered. It is important to consult the family and ask if they wish to perform the last rites. It is traditional that female relatives wash the body of a dead woman; male relatives wash a dead man. Hindus are cremated.

Hindus do not eat beef. Many Hindus are vegetarians and do not eat any sort of meat, preferring to avoid all animal products such as eggs or animal fat. They do, however, eat cheese, milk, butter and yoghurt. Hindus would prefer not to use plates and utensils which have been used for non-vegetarian food.

It is not generally acceptable for a girl or woman to have uncovered legs. Saris, or loose top and trousers are normal wear.

Very few Hindus would insist on fasting whilst in hospital, though they may practise this as part of their faith.

Notable ones are Holi (death of winter) and Diwali (celebrated with lamps and candles).

When a younger Hindu greets an elder, the younger may touch the feet of the elder, as a mark of respect. When meeting with a family, or another group of Hindus, it is usual to begin by addressing greetings to the eldest member first. Public displays of physical intimacy such as kissing and hugging are not the norm amongst Hindus.

Most Hindu homes contain a small shrine to one of more gods. These will often feature a statue perhaps an aum symbol, candles and offerings of food or other gifts for the deity. It would be disrespectful to remove or handle things placed at the shrine.

When receiving a visitor it is considered polite to offer some food and drink and it could be seen as offensive for the visitor to refuse such offers.

Hindu marriage ceremonies can vary a great deal but the central focus is the sacred fire, around which the couple walks (5-7 times) while the priest reads aloud from the scriptures. A wedding can take place at any time of the year but the time of day is carefully chosen according to its astrological significance for the couple. Most Hindu marriages are arranged through the families. The pre-marriage celebrations last 3-5 days and involve all the relations. The bride usually goes to live with the bridegroom's family.

Hindu women are likely to have a strong preference to be treated, examined and cared for by female professionals and should not be cared for in mixed wards except in emergency situations.

Hindus may have several names - a personal name, a special name, and a family name

Humanism is an alternative to religion, an ethical approach to life for those who do not believe in a god or gods. Far from "not believing in anything", this group of people can have strong feelings about issues, especially those that are bound to come up in a medical setting. Humanists take the view that physical suffering afflicts people in a random way like the weather, and is never part of any "grand design". Secondly, Humanists believe that, with no one to pray to, they must take responsibility for themselves and that this stance is just as moral as a religious one.

There is a local celebrant, who is happy to arrange ceremonies to celebrate birth, marriage and death, which are appropriate for the individuals concerned.

There are no rules about any of these things for Humanists. They should be regarded as individuals, free to make their preference known.

When filling in forms some people will want to say "none" or "I don't know" when asked what religion they are. Some may say "Humanist".

There are no specific guidelines on this. Normally Humanists will adopt the convention of the country in which they live.

You should show the same basic level of politeness and respect that you would wish shown in your own home. If individual Humanists have any 'house rules' (like not smoking indoors), then they will let visitors know.

When religious ceremonies are conducted for another patient you could either draw the curtains round the bed of the religious patient or ask if those not participating in the service in the ward would like their own curtains drawn.

Just as religious patients may enjoy a visit from a chaplain or priest, non-religious patients, especially the terminally ill and their families, might like a visit from a Humanist hospital visitor.

The Jewish religion claims to be the oldest of the monotheistic faiths The basic laws of Judaism are enshrined in the Torah (the first five books of the "Old Testament"), and also in the Talmud which is a vast collection of commentaries, expositions and interpretations. At the Torah's heart are the 10 Commandments. The Jewish religion is a total way of life, with a code of conduct which applies to every aspect of life from the cradle to the grave, from sunset to sunset.

Jews are required to wash their hands before eating. They attend ritual bath before the Sabbath and women attend after menstruation.

The circumcision and naming of Jewish boys (Brit Milah) takes place on the eighth day after birth. It is performed by a Jewish practitioner, usually in the home. Circumcision may be deferred if the baby is unwell. A baby girl's name is announced by the father in the synagogue.

Jewish boys have Bar Mitzvahs at the age of 13, when they take their full part with the other men in the life of the synagogue. There are Bat-Mitzvahs for girls at 12.

Traditionally someone who is a dying should not be left alone, and relatives are likely to sit with the dying person during the last hours or days. The Chevra Kadisha, Jewish Burial Society, should be notified and they will take care of all the arrangements. The funeral should take place within 24 hours, though the body cannot be moved on the Sabbath. Cremation is forbidden. Autopsy generally is not acceptable.

Most Jews will require Kosher food, specially prepared in supervised kitchens. Jews will not eat pork in any form; they also do not eat rabbit, shellfish, crustacea and fish without fins and scales. Most Jews will accept a vegetarian diet in hospital or in another home. During Passover unleavened bread must be eaten, precluding most cakes and wheat based foods. Other special foods may be required.

Orthodox Jewish men wear a skull cap all the time. All Jewish men wear one in the synagogue. Orthodox women wear a wig or have their hair covered outside the home. Liberal Jews may not be distinguishable by any dress code, but they may choose to wear a Star of David.

The main fast of the year occurs in the autumn on Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement). It is a total 24-hour fast, though medical advice will be respected if fasting is considered harmful to health. Other fast days are also observed by religious Jews. Young children, pregnant and nursing women diabetics and the sick are not expected to fast.

There are no fixed forms of greeting. Orthodox Jews would not expect overly physical displays of affection between those of the opposite sex. A very Orthodox Jew will not touch any woman other than his wife and immediate family.

A Jewish home can be identified by a mezuzah, a small ornamental case fixed to the right hand doorpost by the front door. It contains the Shema, the central prayer.

A wedding is a time for great festivity. The marriage ceremony is conducted by a rabbi in the synagogue. The couple make their vows under a canopy. The home is the centre of Jewish life and family life is sustained by the weekly Sabbath.

Divorce is acceptable in certain circumstances.

Jews usually dress in a modest manner, and prefer to remain suitably clothed, even in a hospital bed. Mixed-sex wards are not acceptable. There is usually no objection to doctors or nurses of either sex.

The Sabbath (seventh day) is the last day of the Jewish week. It begins on Friday at sunset and ends one hour after sunset on Saturday. The beginning of the Sabbath on Friday evening is celebrated by the family meal with special prayers, rituals and food. The Mother lights the Sabbath candles and offers the blessing. There are special rules which apply to Sabbath observance. Traditionally no work is carried out and travel is limited.

Islam is an Arabic word meaning "submission" or "surrender". The word originally derived from the word "salam", which means to be at perfect peace. Its full connotation is, therefore, "the perfect peace which comes when one's life is totally submitted to God." Islam, based on the Oneness of God, emphasises divine mercy and forgiveness.

Allah is the Creator of the world and of man. Islam is the religion of every prophet of Allah from Adam through to Muhammad (peace be upon him) - all brought the same message of the unity of God and submission to his will. The prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was not the founder of Islam, but rather the last prophet and messenger of Allah. He brought the final revelation, the Qur'an, in the 7th century CE.

Muslims require water for washing in the same room as the WC. They prefer to wash in free flowing water. Ablution before each prayer is necessary. After menstruation women are required to wash their whole bodies. Personal cleanliness is very important to Muslims.

Abortion is unacceptable, except in extreme circumstances, for example if the mother's life is in danger, but it should be performed before the sixteenth week.

Autopsy is prohibited except on sound medical or judicial grounds.

It is Muslim custom to make the Adhan (pronounced "athan"), the call to prayer, at the moment a child is born, so that these words "there is no God but Allah" are the first words the child hears. (Allah means "the God".) This task may be performed by any Muslim, though usually by the father. Maternity staff need to understand such a request, and to accede if at all possible. This event may, however, take place at any time within the first seven days. In cases of miscarriage or still birth there may be a funeral ceremony. Some Muslims may wish to bury the placenta.

There is no religious restriction concerning blood transfusions or transplants, but in some cases they might be accepted with reluctance; the decision lies with the individual or his/her family. Some may wish to donate their organs.

In Islam circumcision of boys is required, usually within two days of birth. Some clarification on whether the hospital will perform this is required, as it may be necessary before the child leaves hospital.

The body should be handled with care; it should not be uncovered, except for washing which must be carried out by people of the same sex. The prayers which follow a death are preferably said at the Mosque. In Islam it is required that the body be buried as soon as possible and that a post-mortem should also be avoided if legally possible. Therefore the body should be released quickly to the relatives. It is customary amongst some cultures to express their emotion freely when a relative dies; therefore privacy should be provided. Cremation is prohibited.

Pork and anything containing pork, cooked near pork, or processed using pork extracts is forbidden. This includes lard, gelatine and some cheeses. Animals must be killed in the right way by a Muslim, with prayer. Shellfish, apart from prawns, and fish without scales are prohibited. Acceptable food is called "halal" and forbidden food is "haram". Jewish kosher food would be acceptable to Muslims. Any food and drink containing alcohol is forbidden. Alcohol is, however, permissible as a constituent of medication, if there is no other alternative.

During the month of Ramadan a Muslim does not eat or drink (even water) between sunrise and sunset (between the first prayer and the fourth prayer of the day). Fasting is excused for women during menstruation, after recent childbirth, or when breast-feeding; it is excused for all when sick or on a journey.

The major festivals are Eid-ul-Fitr, which brings Ramadan to an end, and Eid-ul-Adha, which marks the end of the time of the pilgrimage to Mecca (Haj). These are important times for families to be together.

God is One, prayer 5 times a day, almsgiving, fasting, haj (pilgrimage to Mecca).

When two Muslims greet each other they might say "Assalamu Alaikum" (peace be upon you.) Modesty discourages physical forms of greeting (kissing, hugging etc.), especially between members of the opposite sex. In some Islamic countries, such as Morocco, young men may have close friendships and hold hands in public.

You will see a copy of the Qur'an in pride of place, and may also see prayer mats ready for use. You should offer to remove shoes when entering a Muslim home.

There is no set form of marriage, as Muslims come from many different cultural backgrounds. Normally speaking Muslims marry partners from within their own faith, but both bride and groom should give their consent. A man may marry up to 4 wives with their consent. Under Islamic law, divorce is allowed, not encouraged.

In Islam free mixing of sexes is not encouraged. Men and women are required to dress and behave modestly. Some Muslim women prefer to keep their hair covered in public at all times. Muslims should not be accommodated in mixed wards except in an emergency. Generally Muslims prefer to be examined by medical staff of the same sex. It is always preferable to have female professionals to care for women.

Muslims are required to pray five times a day at set times, according to the positions of the sun. They face towards Mecca and prostrate themselves to pray. Women who are menstruating, or who have post-natal bleeding are not required to do this. Muslims physically unable to stand may make their prayer sitting, or lying down.

The patient's face should if possible be turned towards Mecca (South East) and a relative or other Muslim should be summoned to whisper in Arabic in the ear of the Muslim the article of the faith "there is no God but Allah". These should be the last words heard by the dying person.

Pagans are those who follow the polytheistic and/or pantheistic religions of pre-Christian times, in modified ways which suit modern life. There are many Pagans around, but because of misunderstanding about their beliefs they sometimes choose to be anonymous. There are many different branches within Paganism, such as Heathenry, Druidism, Wicca and Shamanism. Treat people as individuals and take their spiritual needs seriously. Some Pagans will want to give you the name of their spiritual adviser, who can give you guidance about their needs.

Homeopathic and other such remedies are commonly used by Pagans. Patients will make doctors aware of any such remedies that they are taking. These should be integrated with mainstream treatments, and not denigrated or rejected. Some Pagan patients may wish to be attended by a spiritual healer while in hospital, such healings could take place within a quiet room, or simply by drawing the curtains round the bed to give privacy both to the Pagan and to other patients who might consider such behaviour bizarre.

Many Pagans allow the corpse to "rest" for three nights before the funeral, to allow the soul to depart. The corpse is normally kept at home for the wake. Pagans usually have no objections to autopsies, when such are considered necessary. Allowing the body to rest inviolate for three nights will obviously render organs useless for donation. However, the choice to donate body parts is an individual one and each Pagan will make their wishes known on this subject well in advance. In cases of terminal illness, Pagans prefer a natural death with dignity to being kept alive indefinitely by drugs. Such death is preferred to take place at home, with friends and loved ones. Doctors should not try to extend the life of a Pagan patient who would prefer to die at home.

Many Pagans are vegetarian, but this is an individual choice and hospital authorities would be automatically informed upon admission. As a central element of many Pagan celebrations is drinking ale or wine and eating bread, attention must be given to "nil by mouth" advice.

Pagans celebrate a variety of festivals, depending upon their tradition. Usually these are based around agricultural, solar or lunar tides. In hospital, their main requirement will be privacy, and advice on arranging a time free of ward rounds.

There are no formal styles of greeting, though Pagans generally tend to be physically demonstrative with each other.

One might expect to see statuary of various gods, harking back to those cultures that the individual Pagan is drawn to (Ancient Egypt, Greece, the Heathen tribelands, Ancient Britain etc.) Pictures and iconography are very common too, and various shrines or altars might be seen around the house to different deities. Sometimes the icons and statues may have a strongly erotic element, which could surprise some visitors. For a visitor to handle religious items would be inappropriate, but the householder will probably be happy to answer any questions as to the nature of items. Pets are a common feature of Pagan homes.

The Pagan marriage ceremony is called a hand-fasting. Initially Pagans marry for a year and a day, at the end of which time they can renew their vows. Paganism is fully accepting of same-sex marriages. Though such marriages are not recognised in law, the rights of the marital partner to access their spouse should be acknowledged.

Pagans like to meditate/commune with nature in a peaceful outdoor setting. Where hospitals have a garden area, the patient should be made aware of its existence and allowed visits, where illness permits.

Part of some Pagan traditions is the performance of monthly ceremonies based round the lunar cycle. These rituals are performed during the hours of darkness, which may cause some conflict with hospital desires for regimented curfews. With tactful negotiations, both parties can come to a mutual agreement.

Pagans believe in a spirit-world, and often feel that some psychoactive drugs can disturb their interactions with that world. Except in the case of emergencies, doctors should always make clear to the patient any psychoactive side effects of medication before drugs are administered. The patient must then be allowed the right to refuse medication whose side-effects are considered undesirable. A Pagan patient who reports seeing spirits (perhaps the soul of a dead relative, or some form of nature spirit) is not necessarily exhibiting signs of mental disturbance or distress, nor having a bad drug-reaction. Within Paganism such spiritual visions are considered quite normal, and even desirable.

Many Pagans use ritual weapons, such as a knife (known as an athame) in their personal worship. Such are kept for purely symbolic purposes but may cause some concern over security. This can be got round by the provision of a secure bedside locker. There may be talismans and objects of reverence which Pagan patients wish to wear. Please behave sensitively when requesting a Pagan to remove jewellery.

Rastafarianism started in Jamaica before the early 1920's. Marcus Garvey prophesied the crowning of a black king in Africa. Rastafarians believe this prophecy was fulfilled when Haile Selassie was crowned first of all King, and later Emperor, of Ethiopia in 1930. The central Rastafarian belief is that Haile Selassie is God.

It is important to recognise the diversity within the faith, which is open to all members of society, black or white. Therefore the individual must be consulted, especially before medical treatment, as some may follow Old Testament laws more strictly than others.

There are no specific requirements during birth, but after birth the woman is considered unclean. Whilst in aftercare, Rastafarian Sisters need to have free flowing water close at hand.

During her menstrual period a woman is unclean and requires free flowing water. The same applies to men who are being treated for venereal diseases, or have a discharge.

There are no religious rituals. No priest is required. If he is available the local head of the 'Twelve Tribes' may be sent for. Rastafarians have no objection to cremation but prefer burial.

Pork and pork products are banned. Some Rastafarians are strict vegetarians and eat no meat at all. Fish must have fins and scales. Alcohol must be drunk in moderation, but is not prohibited.

Rastafarians have no set 'fasting' days, although they are required to fast. It is important to consult the individual to assess their fasting habits. July 23 is the birthday of Haile Selassie, which has the importance of Christmas. November 2 is Haile Selassie's Coronation celebration. During October the Organisation of African Unity celebrates African Culture.

You might well see a picture of Haile Selassie, along with a copy of the Bible.

Some women will keep their hair completely covered whilst in childbirth, and during the days following. Rastafarians have no objection to being examined and cared for by the opposite sex.

Rastafarians are completely against any pig product; (transgenic hearts, kidneys, heart valves etc). Transfusions are acceptable from family members, as is blood. There may be some who will not accept blood transfusion, and some who will. It is important to consult individuals. Rastafarians do not carry donor cards and are against any scientific use of the body after death. Prolonging life is unacceptable, when the person remains in a vegetative state after every attempt has been made to help. Medicines which have damaging side effects should not be used. The use of marijuana to relieve pain would be preferred.

No special place for prayer or worship is needed.

A Sikh believes in one God, and follows the teachings of the ten Gurus as contained in the Guru Granth Sahib (the Sikh Holy Book). The Guru Granth Sahib is found in every Gurdwara (lit. the door to the Lord) and is treated with veneration as the Word of God. The first Guru was Guru Nanak Dev who was born in 1469 in the Punjab, in north-west India.

Sikhs are now living all over the world, thriving in many different cultural contexts. There will be, therefore, variations in practice but they will share the same basic principles. Guru Nanak taught equality, and emphasised social mobility and universal brotherhood in a situation where Muslims and Hindus were strictly divided. Sikhs meet together for worship in the Gurdwara, but their community life also centres on the langar (community kitchen), where all are welcome and all can be fed, irrespective of faith and culture.

Sikhs prefer to wash in free flowing water and water should be provided in the same room as the WC. Personal cleanliness is very important.

There are no religious objections to any of these.

The body is washed and new clothes put on it before cremation. Sons attend to the father's body and daughters prepare the mother's body. The 5 'K's'* (see below) should not be removed. If the patient's Kachera have to be removed, they should be replaced with another pair. Death is not seen as final, merely a stage in the transmigration of the soul. Sikhs believe in reincarnation until eventually the soul returns to its Maker.

A fully initiated Sikh follows the teaching in the Guru Granth and will be, therefore, strictly vegetarian and teetotal. Sikhs do not eat beef; some will eat other meats, but it is very important to check each person's needs and requirements.

There are no universal fasting requirements. However, some Sikh women may choose to abstain from salt on the day of the full moon for cultural reasons.

Birthdays and martyrdoms of special Sikh Gurus are celebrated and a full reading of the Guru Granth takes place, lasting three days. Basaikhi, around April 13, is the Sikh New Year, and celebration of the birth of the Khalsa (community of the pure), under Guru Gobind Singh. New members are initiated (take Amrit), there is an Akhand Parth, the Nishan Sahib is replaced by a new flag; there is hymn singing, preaching, various festivities, dancing and competitions.

When Hindus celebrate Diwali (festival of lights), Sikhs commemorate the release of the ninth Guru from prison and his arrival in Amritsar. He was hailed as a liberator because he insisted on the freedom of 52 Hindu princes who had been imprisoned by the Mogul emperor.

These items have great religious and spiritual significance and are compulsory attire for initiated Sikhs, both men and women. Other Sikhs may wear some of them.

Kesh - Uncut hair (Do not cut hair or beard; do not remove the turban)

Kangha - Comb

Karah - Sikh Bracelet

Kachera - Special shorts/underwear

Kirpaan - Sword (ornamental, usually very small)

When encountering a group of Sikhs it would be normal to begin by greeting the eldest first. Sikhs greet each other by putting their hands together and bowing, in respect for the divine in the other person. There is no objection to shaking hands. Some Sikhs may hug people of their own gender.

The home is considered holy and you should offer to remove your shoes. Some families keep the Guru Granth Sahib in a special prayer room. All families would have at least an abridged version. A visitor in a Sikh home or Gurdwara would be offered food and drink, and it would be considered quite rude not to take something.

Most Sikh marriages are arranged by the families concerned. There are about two weeks of celebrations before the event. The actual ceremony is centred on the scriptures. As the priest reads set stanzas from the Guru Granth Sahib the bride and groom walk round it four times. The bride and groom usually make their home with the bridegroom's family.

Sikh families have strong traditions about modesty. Some women veil their faces in the presence of men who are older than their husbands, but this is a cultural variation and not a Sikh requirement. Female patients generally prefer to be attended by female doctors. Sikh women should not be accommodated in mixed wards except in emergencies.

All Sikh men are called Singh and all Sikh women are called Kaur. This shows that they are all equal. First names are always unisex. The mother takes the new baby to the Gurdwara for the normal service and the Granthi (reader) opens the Guru Granth Sahib at random and taking the first letter of the first stanza as a guide to the baby's name, which is then announced to the congregation.

Sikhs are usually completely tolerant of other faiths in accordance with the basic principles of their scriptures.

Sikhs believe that an individual should make every effort to overcome anger, greed, pride and passion, and should work hard to earn a decent living. Sikhs recognise three levels of service: physical service, which is being of assistance to those who require help; mental service, which involves enlightening others about God and righteousness; material service, in the form of financial contributions to noble causes. Sikhs are very tolerant of the view of others, seeing all as friends.

The Vietnamese families who came to the UK as refugees are mostly from North Vietnam and are Chinese in origin. Their background is roughly 80% Buddhist, and 20% Catholic, but after 30 years of communist domination a whole generation has missed out on the traditional formation of religious practices and devotion. The elderly may wish to hold on to their traditional practices and may not speak English; they greet with a slight bow rather than a handshake. The Vietnamese are not given to much touching; hugging and kissing are reserved for the privacy of families.

There are no specific requirements.

There are no specific objections to these. However there is generally great apprehension about operations and the giving of blood samples.

Traditionally, when a member of the family dies, the body is laid out at home for 1-3 days before the funeral. During this period offerings of food and drink to the soul of the deceased are made. However, Vietnamese Catholics expect masses to be said by a Catholic priest, normally in church.

Vietnamese eat a lot of fresh fruits and salads. Some do not include dairy products in their meals. They prefer noodles and rice to potatoes. Those who are Catholics may refuse to eat meat on Fridays. Most have got used to English cups of tea!

The Catholic Vietnamese normally observe Lenten and Good Friday fasts.

The Vietnamese usually greet with a slight bow.

Exactly what one would see would depend on whether the householder was Catholic or Buddhist. It is usual to remove the shoes on entering the home.

Like Chinese women, Vietnamese women are generally rather shy and would prefer to be examined by a female doctor.

Vietnamese Catholics would need the ministry of a Catholic Priest and would be horrified if a lay woman brought the Communion to them.

This handbook only attempts to offer basic information on religious and cultural issues. More details can be found in the extensive literature on the subject and on the internet (though this needs to be used with discernment).

Fuller information about the faiths of Suffolk can be obtained from the Suffolk Inter-Faith Centre. SIFRE maintains an up-to-date list of local contacts and has tutors drawn from many faiths who give talks and will be happy to help in any way they can. SIFRE also has access to various other sources of information locally and nationally.

We hope to produce supplementary leaflets on specific topics (dietary requirements; how to make appropriate provision when someone dies; how to arrange birth celebrations, religious or secular; how to arrange for the circumcision of male Muslim babies).

SIFRE is steadily extending its own range of resources and has recently published a board game "Diversity". The new human rights legislation requires organisations to be better informed on faith issues. SIFRE has experience in Diversity Training and is able to arrange courses to suit particular needs.

There is also a growing interest in studying religious diversity for its own sake. SIFRE and other organisations offer taught courses on the subject and some institutions provide distance learning courses.

In conclusion - contemporary society is increasingly diverse; every faith within the community has its own diversity; every individual within each faith will draw on sacred texts and traditions in different ways. There will be cultural variations. Rituals may vary. Differences should be respected. Nevertheless, it should be appreciated that there is much common ground to be found in the basic tenets of the faiths and in their ethical teachings.

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